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In phonetics and phonology, articulation is the movement of the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs (the articulators) in order to make speech sounds. Sound is produced simply by expelling air from the lungs. However, to vary the sound quality in a way that can be useful for speaking, two speech organs normally need to come close to each other to contact each other, so as to create an obstruction that shapes the air in a particular fashion. The point of maximum obstruction is known as the place of articulation, and the way in which the obstruction is formed and released is known as the manner of articulation. For example, when making a ''p'' sound, the two lips come together tightly, blocking the air for a little while and causing a buildup of air pressure. The lips are then released suddenly, leading to a burst of sound. The place of articulation of this sound is therefore called ', and the manner is called ' (also known as a ''plosive''). Articulation can be shown with magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate how the tongue, lips and jaw move and the rise and fall of the soft palate. Such movement alters resonant properties of the vocal tract, and imposes a "time-varying formant structure" onto the speech signal.〔University of Southern California. (Human articulators in action ). Video from the Speech Production and Knowledge Group website. Retrieved on 2013-01-01.〕 The study of articulation in making speech is called articulatory phonetics. ==Place of articulation== (詳細はactive articulator), and the other is stationary (the passive articulator). As a result, what is normally termed the "place of articulation" is actually a combination of a ''place of active articulation'' and a ''place of passive articulation''. For example, the English ''f'' sound is said to be ', which is a shorthand way of saying that the active articulator is the lower lip, which moves up (along with the jaw in general) to contact the upper teeth. The lower lip can also be the active articulator for other places of articulation (e.g. ', where it contacts the upper lip, as in English ''p''). Likewise, the upper teeth can be the passive articulator for other places of articulation (e.g. ', where the tongue contacts the upper teeth, as in the English ''th'' sound). The places of articulation used in English are: *: Both lips come together, as in ''p'', ''b'' or ''m'' *: Lower lip contacts upper teeth, as in ''f'' or ''v'' *: Tongue tip or tongue blade (part just behind the tip) contacts upper teeth, as in the two ''th'' sounds (e.g. ''thin'' vs. ''this'') *: Tongue tip contacts the alveolar ridge (the gums just behind the teeth), as in ''t'', ''d'', ''n'', or ''l''; or tongue blade contacts the alveolar ridge, as in ''s'' or ''z'' *: Tongue blade contacts the postalveolar region behind the alveolar ridge, as in ''sh'', ''ch'', ''zh'', or ''j''; or tongue tip contacts the postalveolar region, as in ''r'' *: Middle of tongue approaches or contacts the hard palate, as in ''y'' *: Back of tongue contacts the soft palate (or "velum"), as in ''k'', ''g'' or ''ng'' *Labiovelar: Back of tongue approaches the soft palate and lips also come close to each other, as in ''w'' *: No obstruction anywhere but in the vocal cords down in the throat, as in ''h'' The place of articulation is clearest for consonants, where there is generally a significant amount of obstruction. For vowels, part of the tongue moves closer to the roof of the mouth, but there is still enough of a gap that it is difficult to precisely specify the location of maximum obstruction. As a result, vowels are normally described by ''height'' and ''frontness'' of the tongue (as well as amount of rounding of the lips) rather than by a specific place of articulation. For example, the vowel in the first syllable of ''father'' is a ''low back unrounded vowel''; the vowel in ''tooth'' is a ''high back rounded vowel'', and the vowel in ''men'' is a ''low-mid front unrounded vowel''. Sometimes there can be more than one obstruction (although rarely more than two). There are two kinds of double obstruction: Either both obstructions block the air flow in equal amounts, or one obstruction blocks the air flow more than the other. The former type, a doubly articulated consonant, does not occur in English. The latter type, however, is more common and does occur in English; ''w'' is one example. With ''w'', the place of greatest obstruction, called the ''primary articulation'', occurs at the soft palate; the rounding of the lips causes less blockage, and is called the ''secondary articulation''. Another example in English is the ''qu'' of words such as ''quit'', with the same primary and secondary articulations, but a complete blockage of the air at the soft palate rather than only a restriction of the flow (a difference in ''manner of articulation''; see below). (Note that the sound of ''qu'' is normally analyzed as a sequence of ''k'' plus ''w'', but both parts are actually pronounced at the same time.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Articulation (phonetics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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